面试官问:如何利用 random 计算 π
# 前言
这是基友面试 RingCenter 时被问到的一个题目
表面上考察的是概率论等基础知识,实际可能还会问到事件循环等底层知识,以及 React Fiber
# 蒙特卡洛法求 π
说蒙特卡洛可能不太理解,换个说法 -- 随机抽样
构造一个单位正方形和 1/4 单位圆,往单位正方形中投入点,根据点与原点间的距离判断点是落在圆内还是圆外,分别统计落在两个区域的点的个数 n1,n2 ,n1/(n1+n2)
即 1/4 圆的面积估计值,从而求得 π
以下是 js 代码
function inCicle() {
var x = Math.random();
var y = Math.random();
return Math.pow(x, 2) + Math.pow(y, 2) < 1
}
function calcPi() {
const N = 1e+6
let pointsInside = 0
for(let i=0;i<N;i++){
if(inCicle()){
pointsInside++;
}
}
return 4 * pointsInside / N
}
calcPi()
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直接在控制台运行,会发现有卡顿和掉帧发生,下面我们来谈谈如何解决
# 如何避免主线程阻塞
calcPi 是个耗时任务,会阻塞主线程,甚至导致掉帧,有什么解决方法?
提供几个思路
- Web Worker
- requestIdleCallback
- requestAnimationFrame + MessageChannel
# Web Worker
Web Worker 是啥就不再介绍了,不懂的自行 MDN 搜索
我们新建一个 Worker 线程进行耗时任务计算,而后再把结果发送给主线程
function createWorker () {
let text = `
function inCicle() {
var x = Math.random();
var y = Math.random();
return Math.pow(x, 2) + Math.pow(y, 2) < 1
}
function calcPi() {
const N = 1e+6
let pointsInside = 0
for(let i=0;i<N;i++){
if(inCicle()){
pointsInside++;
}
}
return 4 * pointsInside / N
}
this.addEventListener('message', (msg) => {
let pi = calcPi()
this.postMessage(pi);
}, false);
`
let blob = new Blob([text]);
let url = window.URL.createObjectURL(blob);
return new Worker(url)
}
let worker = createWorker()
worker.onmessage = (evt) => {
console.log('PI: ', evt.data)
};
worker.postMessage("calc");
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缺点就是计算次数是固定的,同时不能看到实时计算的结果
# requestIdleCallback
利用 requestIdleCallback (opens new window) 在帧空余时间执行任务的特点进行耗时任务的计算
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Scheduling background tasks using requestIdleCallback</title>
</head>
<body>
<script>
var requestId = 0;
var pointsTotal = 0;
var pointsInside = 0;
function piStep() {
var r = 1;
var x = Math.random() * r;
var y = Math.random() * r;
return (Math.pow(x, 2) + Math.pow(y, 2) < Math.pow(r, 2))
}
function refinePi(deadline) {
while (deadline.timeRemaining() > 0) {
if (piStep())
pointsInside++;
pointsTotal++;
}
currentEstimate = (4 * pointsInside / pointsTotal);
textElement = document.getElementById("piEstimate");
textElement.innerHTML = "Pi Estimate: " + currentEstimate;
requestId = window.requestIdleCallback(refinePi);
}
function start() {
textElement = document.getElementById("piEstimate");
textElement.innerHTML = "Pi Estimate: " + "loading";
requestId = window.requestIdleCallback(refinePi);
}
function stop() {
// alert(1)
if (requestId)
window.cancelIdleCallback(requestId);
requestId = 0;
}
</script>
<button onclick="start()">Click me to start!</button>
<button onclick="stop()">Click me to stop!</button>
<div id="piEstimate">Not started</div>
</body>
</html>
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几个要点
- requestIdleCallback 中进行的 dom 变更,只能在下一帧的 Update Rendering 阶段进行渲染
stop 时 piEstimate innerHTML 帧渲染前后不一致
- requestIdleCallback 有兼容性问题,常用 requestAnimationFrame 和 MessageChannel 去 fallback
# requestAnimationFrame + MessageChannel
requestAnimationFrame 将在事件循环中 UI Render 阶段 (opens new window)的实际渲染前执行,可以简单理解为帧渲染初期
MessageChannel 用来收发消息开启一个宏任务,相比 setTimeout 可以更快执行(4ms的原因)
我们在 requestAnimationFrame 设置一个标记时间点 markPoint ,并通过 MessageChannel 发起一个宏任务,设置该宏任务的过期时间为 markPoint + timeout(16ms) ,超过这个时间,任务不再执行
这样可以保证宏任务不会因为执行太久导致卡顿和掉帧
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Scheduling background tasks using requestIdleCallback</title>
</head>
<body>
<script>
const timeout = 16 // 默认一帧为16ms
var requestId = 0;
var pointsTotal = 0;
var pointsInside = 0;
let currentTask = {
startTime: 0,
endTime: 0,
}
var channel = new MessageChannel();
var sender = channel.port2; // port2 用来发消息
channel.port1.onmessage = function (event) {
if (performance.now() > currentTask.endTime) {
// 可能是插入了其他宏任务导致该任务过期,直接 rAF
requestId = requestAnimationFrame(markPoint)
return
}
refinePi(currentTask.endTime)
requestId = requestAnimationFrame(markPoint)
}
function piStep() {
var r = 1;
var x = Math.random() * r;
var y = Math.random() * r;
return (Math.pow(x, 2) + Math.pow(y, 2) < Math.pow(r, 2))
}
function refinePi(deadline) {
while (performance.now() < deadline) {
if (piStep()) {
pointsInside++;
}
pointsTotal++;
}
currentEstimate = (4 * pointsInside / pointsTotal);
textElement = document.getElementById("piEstimate");
textElement.innerHTML = "Pi Estimate: " + currentEstimate;
}
function markPoint(timestamp) {
currentTask.startTime = timestamp
currentTask.endTime = timestamp + timeout
// 下轮宏任务
sender.postMessage("")
}
function start() {
requestId = requestAnimationFrame(markPoint)
}
function stop() {
// alert(1)
if (requestId)
window.cancelAnimationFrame(requestId);
requestId = 0;
}
function handle() {
let start = performance.now()
while (performance.now() - start < 100) { }
}
</script>
<button onclick="start()">Click me to start!</button>
<button onclick="stop()">Click me to stop!</button>
<button onclick="handle()">执行耗时任务,观察 PI 的计算情况</button>
<div id="piEstimate">Not started</div>
</body>
</html>
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